100 Pharmacognosy Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

The volatile oils are complex mixtures of……….

mono- and sesquiterpenes and phenylpropane derivatives

mono- and diterpene alcohols and ethers

sesquiterpenes and other aromatic compounds

monoterpene acids and lactones

monoterpene ethers and aldehydes

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following are known as balsams?

Resins dissolved in volatile oil

A mixture of volatile oils with sesquiterpenes

Resins dissolved in water

Polysaccharides mixed with volatile oil

Juices evaporated to dryness

Correct! Wrong!

Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds which contain .............in their molecules.

one or more N atoms

two heterocyclic rings

a side-chain on one of the benzene rings

one or more N atoms originating from amino acids

one or more O atoms

Correct! Wrong!

The iridoids are...

constituents of volatile oils

starting units of tannin biogenesis

precursors of the biosynthesis of saponins

precursors of the biogenesis of certain alkaloids

constituents of fixed oils

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following methods is used to get alkaloids in base form from plant material?

Adding ammonium hydroxide and water to the pulverized drug

Making an extract with mineral acid and organic solvent

Making an extract with base and organic solvent

Adding mineral acid and water to the powdered drug

Making an extract with organic solvent and warming it.

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following explanations is why morphine can be separated from its accompanying alkaloids?

Morphine contains a piperidine ring.

Morphine contains two methoxy groups.

Morphine contains a phenolic hydroxyl group whereas the accompanying alkaloids have none.

Morphine does not contain a phenolic hydroxyl group whereas the accompanying alkaloids contain one.

Morphine and its accompanying alkaloids are inseparable.

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids?

Cevan

Tropane

Isoquinoline

Rubanol

Dammaran

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the reagent for alkaloids?

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

Iron(III) chloride

Antimony(III) chloride

Potassium tetraiodomercurate

Phloroglucinol in concentrated hydrochloric acid

Correct! Wrong!

Ergot is the......................of the fungus Claviceps purpurea.

vegetative form

dried sclerotium

ascospore

conidiospore

filamentous hyphae

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the difference between the chemical structures of cotton and starch?

Cotton consists of α-glucose molecules, whereas starch contains branched β-glucose residues

Cotton consists of unbranched β-glucose molecules, whereas starch contains unbranched α- and β-glucose residues

Cotton is built up from glucose residues linked by 1,4-β-D-glucose bonds, whereas starch contains branched and linear chains of 1,4-α- and 1,6-α-D-glucose residues

Both consist of branched and linear 1,4-α-D-glucose units

Both are built up from branched and linear 1,2-β-D-glucose residues

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the structure of the flavonoids of Silybum marianum?

Dimeric flavan-3,4-diol

Monomeric flavon-3-ol

Flavonolignan

A simple flavanonol-glycoside

Isoflavanonediglycoside

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the test for the identification of anthraquinones?

The Marquis test

The Froehde test

The Liebermann-Burchard test

The Borntrager test

The murexide test

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the way to detect procyanidins?

When heated with dilute NaOH, procyanidins give a green color

Procyanidins give a yellow color with concentrated nitric acid

When heated with cc. HCl, procyanidins give a red color. On extraction of the mixture with nBuOH, the butanolic phase turns red

When heated with resorcinol, procyanidins give a bluish-violet color

Procyanidins give an orange precipitate with the Kedde reagent.

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the assay for determination of the volatile oil contents of herbal drugs?

Steam distillation

Extraction with light petrol

Distillation by Marcusson’s method

Determination of the loss on drying

Determination of the alcoholic extract

Correct! Wrong!

Why is it not recommended to use Rheum raponticum instead of Rheum palmatum for medical purposes?

Because the emodin content of R. raponticum is too high

Because the rheic content of R. raponticum is too low

Because the chrysophanol content of R. raponticum is too high

Because R. raponticum contains a stilbene derivative which has undesirable hormonal activity

Because the gallic acid content of R. raponticum is too low

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following compounds transforms to chamazulene on steam distillation?

Lavandulol

Farnesol

Matricin

Gossypol

Parthenolid

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs contains inulin?

Cichorii radix

Symphyti radix

Plantaginis herba

Trigonellae foenugraeci semen

Tanaceti herba

Correct! Wrong!

Hashish is the ........ of Cannabis sativa.

gum of the male flowers

resin of the female flowers

gum of the male and female flowers

pressed juice of the leaves

latex of the tops

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is opium?

The dried latex exudate of the unripe incised capsules

The dried aqueous extract of the ripe capsules

The dried alcoholic extract of the unripe capsules

A concentrated alcoholic extract of the poppy straw

An aqueous extract of the ripe seeds

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the common skeleton of physiologically active ergoline alkaloids?

Isolysine acid

Clavorubine

Lysergic acid

2-Phenylbenzopyran

Elimoclavine

Correct! Wrong!

Poppy straw is the industrial raw material of morphine production because ...

poppy straw contains only morphine

poppy straw does not contain other accompanying alkaloids

poppy straw has the maximum morphine content

poppy straw is the cheapest available raw material

poppy straw contains morphine derivatives

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following achievements is associated with Miklos Bekessy?

The industrial production of essential oils by steam distillation

The industrial production of poppy alkaloids

The cultivation of ergot

The isolation of morphine

The production of ergot alkaloids by fermentation

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs has the highest caffeine content?

Theae folium

Guarana

Coffeae semen

Colae semen

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following constituents is not present in Matricariae aetheroleum?

Chamazulene

Matricin

Spatulenol

α-Bisabolol

en-in-bicyclic ethers

Correct! Wrong!

Inulin is a(n)…

arabin

pectin

galactane

mannan

fructosane

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is an alkaloid with a purine skeleton?

Hygrine

Theobromine

Ephedrine

Strychnine

Solanidine

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs has a carminative effect?

Frangulae cortex

Centaurii herba

Silybi mariani fructus

Foeniculi fructus

Graminis rhizoma

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs contains ajoene?

Valerianae radix

Agrimoniae herba

Echinaceae radix

Ginseng radix

Allii sativi bulbus

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following plant constituents can be characterized by irreversible complexation with proteins?

Alkaloids

Saponins

Tannins

Mucilages

Anthraquinone glycosides

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs contains aucubin?

Marrubii herba

Agrimoniae herba

Valerianae radix

Plantaginis lanceolatae folium

Cyani flos

Correct! Wrong!

Hide powder is used in the traditional method of tannin quantitation because ...

hide powder gives a color reaction with tannins

hide powder reacts with polyphenols

hide powder reduces tannins

hide powder oxidizes polyphenols

hide powder reacts with tannins

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following types of compound is arbutin, used in urological infections?

A flavonoid glycoside

A phenolic glycoside

A furanocoumarin

An iridoid glycoside

A gallitannin

Correct! Wrong!

With which of the following methods can the tertiary alkaloids be extracted in salt form?

With organic solvents such as chloroform

On boiling with aqueous ammonia solution

With organic solvents containing alkaline solution

With organic solvents containing acidic solution

With an acidic aqueous solution

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs contains anthraquinone derivatives?

Betulae folium

Graminis rhizoma

Rhei radix

Hernariae herba

Rubus idaeus folium

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following reagents is suitable for identification of the Secale cornutum alkaloids?

The van Urk reagent

The Fehling I and II reagents

Iron(III) chloride

Phloroglucinol in hydrochloric acid

The EP reagent

Correct! Wrong!

Iridoids are…

stress compounds characteristic of the Lamiaceae family

sesquiterpenes with a bitter taste

monoterpenes with a cyclopenta-(c)-pyrane structure

pseudoalkaloids

constituents of balms since they have a pleasant scent

Correct! Wrong!

The bitter value is the .................... of an extract made of 1g of drug, which just has a bitter taste.

highest dilution

lowest dilution

lowest concentration

highest concentration

highest trituration

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs contains laxative compounds?

Senna folium

Urticae radix

Equiseti herba

Agrimoniae herba

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the toxic compound of linseed?

Arabinoxylane

Ricin

Linamarin

Scopoletin

Rhein

Correct! Wrong!

Linoleic acid is a(n)…

saturated ω-6 fatty acid

unsaturated ω-6 fatty acid

unsaturated ω-3 fatty acid

ω-9 fatty acid

saturated ω-3 fatty acid

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following contains a fixed oil rich in γ-linolenic acid?

Zea mays

Sesamum indicum

Oenothera biennis

Ricinus communis

Glycine max

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following compounds contains an N atom?

Naphthoquinone Derivatives

Monoterpenes

Coumarins

Lignans

Alkylamines

Correct! Wrong!

Atropine is a 1:1 mixture of D and L-…

scopoletin

scopolamine

hyoscyamine

belladonnine

scopolin

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following 'mystic' plants contains alkaloids with a tropane skeleton?

Betel Palm

Mandrake

Hemlock

Cannabis

Iboga

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following indications is not applicable for Capsici fructus?

Topical application in rheumatic disorders

Stomachic

Promotion of wound healing

Relieving neuralgias

Increasing the rate of hair growth

Correct! Wrong!

The main compound of Ephedrae herba is the analogue of the synthetic molecule…

amphetamine

ketamine

phencyclidine

ethyl morphine

methadone

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following compounds is characteristic of Rauwolfiae radix?

Physostigmine

Quinidine

Reserpine

Cytisine

Capsaicin

Correct! Wrong!

The toxic Conii fructus can easily be confused with…

fennel seed

linseed

anise seed

coriander seed

castor bean seed

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the main active component of betel nut?

Ephedrine

Chlorogenic acid

Capsaicin

Hypericin

Arecoline

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following types of compounds are the capsaicinoids?

Monoterpenes

Pseudoalkaloids

Carotenoids

Protoalkaloids

Anthocyanins

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the medical use of common fumitory?

Decreasing high blood pressure

Relieving joint pain

Enhancing bile synthesis and excretion

Promotion of wound healing

Antipyretic

Correct! Wrong!

The basic structure of Boldi folium alkaloids is…

indole

piperidine

morphinan

aporphine

isoquinoline

Correct! Wrong!

Vinpocetine (CavintonR) is a semi-synthetic derivative of the main active compound of which of the following plants?

Rhamnus frangula

Pulmonaria officinalis

Catharanthus roseus

Vinca minor

Berberis vulgaris

Correct! Wrong!

To which of the following types of compounds does taxol belong?

Diterpene alkaloid

Steroidal alkaloid

Sesquiterpene

Lignan

Triterpene

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following statements relating to traditional herbal medicinal products is false?

Attributing a preventive or curative effect to these products is forbidden

They contain one or more herbal substances, preparations, or their combination as active agents.

The products may also contain vitamins and minerals

Their authorization is possible via abridged registration

They can be distributed in pharmacies

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following types of medicines was developed from the alkaloid camptothecin, isolated from Camptotheca acuminata?

Antidiabetic

Anticancer

Hypotensive

Anti-inflammatory

Antiarrhythmic

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following types of medicines was developed from galegine, isolated from Galega officinalis?

Antidiabetic

Anticancer

Hypotensive

Anti-inflammatory

Antiarrhythmic

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the advantage of collecting medical herbs from their natural habitat?

The whole process (culturing, harvesting, etc.) can be controlled

The appropriate harvesting and quality can be guaranteed

The stock is homogeneous

No culturing costs are involved

The properties of the plants can be modified by cross-breeding

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following groups of compounds consists of primary metabolites?

Alkaloids

Lignans

Flavonoids

Iridoids

Carbohydrates

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following structural features is characteristic of saponins?

Their skeleton may be built up from 10, 15, 20 or 30 carbon atoms

They are triterpene glycosides

They are glycosides with aromatic rings

They are heterocyclic molecules containing sulfur

They are mineral salts of fatty acids

Correct! Wrong!

The essential oil of Melissa officinalis is sometimes falsified with the essential oil of...

Cymbopogon winterianus

Citrus aurantium

Hyssopus officinalis

Commiphora molmol

Citrus limon

Correct! Wrong!

Flavonoids such as ... are able to decrease the permeability of the capillaries.

liquiritin and isoliquiritin

apigenin and luteolin

genistein and ononin

silybin and silychristin

hesperidin and rutin

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following types of components are used in photochemotherapy (PUVA)?

Anthrone glycosides

Dimeric coumarins

Furanocoumarins

Quinoline alkaloids

Phloroglucinine derivatives

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid of Uncariae tomentosae radix?

Pteropodine

Mitragynine

Speciophylline

Rinchophylline

Theophylline

Correct! Wrong!

As defined by the European Pharmacopoeia, which of the following are herbal drugs?

Processed plants, plant or animal parts that are mainly used in the fresh state, or sometimes after drying

Mainly unprocessed, whole or ground plants, algae, fungi or lichen, which are particularly used after drying or sometimes in the fresh state

Generally herbal products, prepared by different methods such as extraction, distillation, extrusion, fractionation, concentration or fermentation

Plant species used as therapeutic agents to influence the functions of the human body

Medical herbs used as therapeutic agents to influence the functions of the human body

Correct! Wrong!

Chromatography on normal-phase silica gel is based on which of the following physicochemical processes?

Distribution

Adsorption

Ion exchange

Antigen-antibody interaction

Thermal interaction

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following chromatographic techniques always use forced flow?

Rotation planar chromatography

Gel-filtration chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography

Two-dimensional chromatography

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the definition of chromatographic Rf (retention factor) value?

The distance that a particular compound moves from the start

The distance between the start and the solvent front

The distance that a particular compound moves divided by the distance of the solvent front from the start

The distance travelled by the solvent front from the start divided by the distance that a particular compound moves

The distance of the compound from the solvent front divided by the distance of the solvent front

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the shape of maize starch grains?

Oval

Round

Triangular

Dumbbell

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following processes can be used to prepare an extract rich in polysaccharides from linseed?

From grained drug with water

From grained drug with alcohol

From whole seeds with hot water

From whole seeds with diluted alcohol

From whole seeds with organic solvents

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is characteristic of mucilages?

They can be extracted from the drug with water

They undergo hydrolysis to monosaccharide units upon boiling

They can be precipitated with alcohol

They give a viscous solution with water

They can be precipitated with heavy metal ions

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the main method for the preparation of fixed oils used in medicine?

Heating the drug with organic solvents

Extraction with water

Cold extrusion

Warm extrusion

Distillation

Correct! Wrong!

Flavonoids can be detected with reactions based on complex formation. Which of the following substituents on the flavone skeleton prevent this?

-OH on C5 (e.g., apigenin)

-OH on C3 and C5 (e.g., quercetin)

-O-galactoside on C5 and -OH on C3 (e.g., hyperoside)

-OCH3 on C5 and no –OH on C3 (e.g., nobiletin)

-OH on C5 and -O-rutinoside on C3 (e.g., rutin)

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following forms are alkaloids mainly present in plants?

Esters of mineral acids

Salts of mineral acids

Free bases

Esters of organic acids

Hydrochlorides

Correct! Wrong!

In which of the following ways can alkaloids be extracted from plants in salt form?

Warming with organic solvents

Boiling with aqueous ammonium hydroxide

Shaking with acidified water at room temperature or above

Warming with lead acetate and water

Shaking with acidified organic solvents

Correct! Wrong!

With which of the following tests can the alkaloids of deadly nightshade be identified?

The Marquis test

The Thalleioquin test

With cc. HNO3

The Grahe test

The Vitali test

Correct! Wrong!

In which of the following ways is Lavandulae aetheroleum prepared?

Warm extrusion

Extraction with organic solvent

Warm extrusion

Enzyme reaction followed by extraction

Steam distillation

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is a suitable reagent for the TLC detection of carvone?

Iodine vapour + starch solution

Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution

Vanillin-sulphuric acid

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid + alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following does the hemolytic index indicate?

The di- and sesquiterpene content of volatile oils

The saponin content of the drugs

The steroid content of the drugs

The aliphatic monoterpene content of volatile oils

The tannin content of the drugs

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following reagents is suitable for the detection of the cardioactive glycosides of Digitalis purpurea folium?

Kedde reagent

Baljet reagent

Dragendorff reagent

Mandelin reagent

Schiff reagent

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following methods is specified by the European Pharmacopoeia for quantification of the anthraquinone glycoside content of drugs?

Gas chromatography

Titrimetry

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is a C-glycoside?

Arbutin

Gypsoside

Gentio-pikrin

Aloin

Hypericin

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following factors does not influence the effectiveness of chromatographic separations?

The polarity of the solvent

The humidity of the air

The shape of the developing chamber

The optical rotation of the solvent system

The grain size of the stationary phase

Correct! Wrong!

During steam distillation, matricin breaks down. Which of the following steps is not involved in this process?

Opening of the lactone ring

The loss of water

Decarboxylation

Water addition

The loss of acetic acid

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following drugs contains homopolysaccharide?

Cyamopsidis seminis pulvis

Acaciae gummi

Solani amylum

Agar

Althaeae folium et radix

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following factors does not influence the effectiveness of extraction?

Temperature

The polarity of the solvent

The particle size of the grounded drug

The refractive index of the compounds to be extracted

The pH of the solvent

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following volatile oils has a higher density than that of water?

Thymi aetheroleum

Caryophylli aetheroleum

Lavandulae aetheroleum

Juniperi aetheroleum

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is Calendulae flos?

A carminative

A cardiotonic

A roborant

An epithelogenic

A sedative

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is Silybi mariani fructus?

A cardiotonic

A roborant

A hepatoprotectant

A mild antidepressant

An astringent

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following are active agents of Alchemillae?

Tannins (ellagic acid derivatives)

Alkaloids

Anthraquinones

Galactomannans

Polysaccharides

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the use of Alchemillae herba in medicine?

As laxative

For the treatment of eczema and skin inflammation

As spasmolytic

As hepatoprotectant

To increase bile production

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the use of Calendulae flos in medicine?

To improve cognitive functions

As antiemetic during travel sickness

As spasmolytic

As secretolytic

For the treatment of skin and mucosal inflammation

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the use of Zingiberis rhizoma in medicine?

To improve cognitive functions

As antiemetic during travel sickness

As spasmolytic

As secretolytic

For the treatment of skin and mucosal inflammation

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the use of Hederae folium in medicine?

Expectorant, secretolytic, spasmolytic

Treatment of skin inflammation

Cardiotonic

Antiemetic

Epithelogenic

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following compounds are responsible for the bitter taste of Lupuli flos?

Phloroglucinol derivatives

Triterpene saponins

Polysaccharides

Pseudoalkaloids

Anthraquinones

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following compounds of Hyperici herba has a photosensitizing effect?

Rutin

Hyperforin

Hyperoside

Hypericin

Quercitrin

Correct! Wrong!

Which of the following is the official name (specified by the European Pharmacopoeia) of the drug of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)?

Folium uvae ursi

Uvae ursi folium

Folium arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Arctostaphylos folium

Uvae ursi folia

Correct! Wrong!

The volatile oil of ... is prepared by mechanical pressing (extrusion)?

Salvia officinalis

Thymus vulgaris

Citrus sinensis

Lavandula angustifolia

Mentha piperita

Correct! Wrong!